The nature of eurytopy in polyploid earthworm species in relation to their use in biological soil amelioration

Summary Many of the most widely distributed species of Lumbricidae are polyploid. So far polyploid forms have been found to be distributed more widely than diploid ones. Taking Eisenia nordenskioldi as an example, it was shown that polyploids are able to occupy new ecological niches within the area of the diploid form. Ecological differences observed in representatives of different chromosomal races provide polyploids with the chance to coexist in one biocurrent, occupying different ecological niches.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

赤子爱胜蚓堆制处理秸秆和牛粪混合废弃物的研究

【目的】 利用蚯蚓堆制处理碳氮比为20,25,30的小麦秸与牛粪、玉米秸与牛粪的组合,研究堆制过程中蚯蚓的生长繁殖及培养基的理化性状,以期为合理的利用秸秆提供理论依据。【方法】 将牛粪和小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆按照碳氮比20,25,30搭配,按8 ind/100g风干物质种蚯蚓后,在相同的条件下饲养,分别于15 d,30 d ,45 d,60 d时破坏性取样,测定蚯蚓的生长繁殖及培养基的理化性状。【结果】 随着时间的增加,蚯蚓的均重、日增重、日繁殖倍数均降低,且不同时期、不同组合、不同碳氮比间均差异显著（P < 0.05）,蚯蚓总数先升高后降低。不同碳氮比之间的日生殖倍数间差异显著（P < 0.05）,以碳氮比25最佳,其次是 20、30,但二者之间差异不显著（P > 0.05）。有机碳含量和碳氮比随着时间的增加而降低,且不同时期、不同组合间差异显著（P < 0.05）;全氮含量随着时间的增加而增加,且不同时期和不同组合间差异显著（P < 0.05）。【结论】时期和组合对蚯蚓的生长繁殖指标和培养基的理化性状指标都有显著的影响（P < 0.05）;以碳氮比20最有利于蚯蚓的生长,碳氮比25最有利于蚯蚓的繁殖;小麦与牛粪组合的生长繁殖均优于玉米与牛粪的组合。     

不同有机物料接种蚯蚓对设施菜地土壤 培肥及作物生长的影响

设施蔬菜栽培长期施用过量化肥,往往导致土壤质量退化及作物产量降低等问题。因此,采用生态友好的农业生产方式已成为农业可持续发展的趋势。本研究在野外调控试验的第3年采集作物和土壤,研究了施用不同有机物料条件下,接种赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)对设施菜地土壤性质和作物生长的影响。结果表明,在不同有机物料施用下接种赤子爱胜蚓均显著地提高了黄瓜和菠菜的产量,其中在施用腐熟牛粪+食用菌渣条件下接种赤子爱胜蚓效果最显著。此外,在腐熟牛粪和腐熟牛粪+食用菌渣施用条件下,接种赤子爱胜蚓显著地提高土壤的硝态氮(NO3–-N)、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)和代谢熵(q CO2),而在施用商品有机肥的处理中,接种赤子爱胜蚓仅显著地提高了土壤NO3–-N和q CO2。本研究促进了对蚯蚓在设施农业生态系统中服务功能的理解,并为设施农业生产提供了理论基础。     

蚯蚓体腔液在豌豆、相思豆芽苗菜栽培中的控病效果试验

以11种处理方法作种植豌豆、相思豆芽苗菜,探索解决芽苗菜循环式（连作）生产过程中的易发病问题。结果表明,连续种了2茬同样品种芽苗菜的基质用蚯蚓处理7d后,在种植第3茬芽苗菜时,仅在芽苗菜子叶展开、心叶长出后,喷施蚯蚓体腔液肥1次,就可有效解决种植第3茬时的连作障碍问题,其控病效果等同于用100℃热空气对基质进行消毒的方法的控病效果,达到或优于常规方法第1茬所栽芽苗菜的控病效果,显著或极显著优于未作上述处理的其他方法的效果。     

Pb对赤子爱胜蚓的影响

通过急性毒性试验测定了不同培养条件下Pb对蚯蚓的毒害作用,并通过牛粪、砖红壤培养试验,测定了蚯蚓对Pb的忍耐性,及不同形态Pb对蚯蚓体重的影响。研究结果如下：蚯蚓在在液、沙、泥土和干牛粪中的急性半致死剂量（LD50）分别为354.41 mg/kg、360.95 mg/kg、1228.02 mg/kg和3894.62 mg/kg。蚯蚓在腐熟牛粪中对Pb有很好的忍耐性,当牛粪中Pb含量达到15000 mg/kg时蚯蚓依然能够生存。蚯蚓在Pb污染砖红壤生活60d后回收率和体重均有下降,在土壤Pb含量分别为400 mg/kg和444 mg/kg时蚯蚓的回收率和增长率下降最快,分别为0.6403和-0.4358。限制蚯蚓增长的程度大小Pb形态依次为：碳酸盐结合态>交换态>有机态>无定形氧化锰结合态>晶形氧化铁结合态>无定形氧化铁结合态>残渣态     

蚯蚓处理香蕉茎叶二因素配方筛选

以切碎状香蕉茎叶与牛粪按不同比例混合养殖蚯蚓,探索用蚯蚓处理香蕉茎叶,将香蕉茎叶转化为有机肥料并能最大量获得蚯蚓作为高蛋白动物饲料的二因素处理配方.结果表明:添加80%香蕉茎叶的处理产出蚯蚓数量最多,所产有机肥料含氮最高;添加90%香蕉茎叶的处理虽然产出蚯蚓数量略少,但蚯蚓的重量和80%处理所得蚯蚓重量差异不显著,而且能处理掉更大数量的香蕉茎叶,同时所产有机肥料含有机质更高.     

The influence of feeding patterns on growth and reproduction of the vermicomposting earthworm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta)

Summary Observations in outdoor culture beds indicated that food availability and frequency of feeding influenced worm density. In order to study the role of feeding status on the growth and reproduction of Eisenia fetida, pre-clitellate specimens were kept for 180 days under controlled conditions. A control group was regularly provided with freshly produced cattle manure while the experimental groups were fed only sporadically and at some stage even starved by removing some of the substrate. Worm growth, maturation, and cocoon production were monitored. The role of food availability was highlighted by this study. Both worm growth and cocoon production were correlated closely with the feeding pattern that was followed. This study also showed that freshly produced, urine-free, cattle manure proved an excellent food source provided it was added in such a way as to prevent the development of anaerobic conditions. Regular feeding gave high growth and reproduction rates.     

Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients

In Colombia, more than 1 million tons of coffee pulp are produced every year. Its transformation into compost by means of turned piles has led to a final product with poor physical and chemical characteristics and vermicomposting has been suggested as an alternative method of transforming these wastes into a useful organic fertilizer. The ability of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to transform coffee pulp into a valuable compost was evaluated. The influence of bed depth and time on different C fractions, N content and availability of nutrients was studied. The results showed that the C and N contents were not affected by the depth of the bed, whereas time affected both. An increase in the fractionation ratio, determined by calculating the C in the fraction smaller than 100 m as a percentage of C in the samples as a whole, and low values of humic-like substances were recorded during vermicomposting. After ingestion of the pulp by the earthworms, an increase in available P, Ca, and Mg but a decrease in K were detected.